Selected publications

Authors: Vitelio Brustolin, Ronaldo Gomes Carmona, et al. This collective work, written by professors and researchers in the field of Defense and National Security, is the result of an organized reflection on the scenario of geopolitical transformations that the world is currently experiencing. The book was also designed to help Brazilian society, with analyses on the modernization of the Defense and National Security structure. As a collective reflection, it offers a map of some of the major themes in Defense and National and International Security, in 25 policy papers, which were written especially for this book. I wrote chapter 21: "The US Military-Industrial-Academic Complex and the Role of DARPA". For those who want to know how much of the equipment we use every day was developed for military use in the United States, perhaps the chapter I wrote will help a little. Technologies such as the electronic computer, the Internet, the cellphone, optical fiber, bactericidal drugs, numerical control machines, drones, the microwave oven, anatomical sneakers, GPS, and many others, were developed for military use, but were authorized for civilian use and helped develop industries such as Boeing, AT&T, General Dynamics, General Electric and others in the process, as well as boosting universities such as Harvard, Columbia, Caltech, Stanford, Berkeley and others. Keywords: Military Industrial Complex; Dual Use Techmology Defense Industry; Defense and Strategic Studies; Armaments and Defense Industry, Brazil; United States. Publisher: Brazilian Confederation of Industry - CNI, 500p.

Authors: Vitelio Brustolin, Israel Aono Nunes, Juliana Zaniboni de Assunção. With the continued use of the Internet, more and more countries are producing cybersecurity strategies. In this context it is common to compare documents published by different States in order to find points of convergence and aspects that can be improved. Brazil published its first National Cybersecurity Strategy (E-Ciber), in February 2020. It is, therefore, a recently released document, with little analysis on it thus far. In turn, the National Cyber Strategy of the United States (NCS) was published in September 2018, being presented as “it’s first fully articulated cyber strategy in 15 years”. In this article we make a structural comparison between the Brazilian and American documents. In addition, we carry out an analysis based on the framework proposed by Luijiif et al. (2013). This framework is based on the evaluation of 19 national cybersecurity strategies from 18 countries, from which Luijiif et al. produced a minimal structural model for strategies. This is, therefore, an exploratory research which uses comparative policy methodology with indirect data collection technique and qualitative data analysis. In the final remarks, we demonstrate that the Brazilian Strategy was developed with a bottom-up methodology based on diagnostic meetings, debates, and public consultations. In contrast, the American Strategy was structured with a top-down methodology, meaning that before the document was developed, the objectives to be achieved were already defined. We also found that the Brazilian Strategy has all the topics proposed by Luijiif et al., except the glossary, while the US document has only 4 of the 9 topics proposed. Despite this structural difference there is a convergence in the actions defined by both strategies. Keywords: Cybersecurity Strategy; Cyber Defense Strategy; Brazil; United States; Cyber Security; Cyber Defence. ISSN: 2358-3932. DOI: https://10.26792/RBED.v9n2.2022.75246 | Publication Name: Brazilian Journal of Defense Studies. v. 9, n. 2, jul./dez. 2022, p. 227–250.

Authors: Vitelio Brustolin, Dennison de Oliveira, Alcides Peron. In this article, we explore how the United States developed an intelligence strategy that, since the Cold War, has been based on relationships with private high-tech companies. Specifically, we analyse documents that demonstrate that the Swiss company Crypto AG – a supplier of cryptographic equipment to more than 120 countries – was controlled by the CIA. We analyse the implications of this for Brazil, in a comparative perspective with the experience of these other nations. Our methodology includes: (1) analysis of documents recently declassified by the US and Brazil; (2) analysis of budget expenditure data; (3) information made available by Crypto AG on its international operations. In our conclusion, we highlight the irrefutability of the relationship established between the CIA and Crypto AG, which lasted from the 1950s to 2018. Finally, we present documents that show that Brazil continued to buy cryptographic equipment from Crypto AG for its Armed Forces until 2019. Keywords: Cryptography; Espionage; Intelligence; Crypto AG; Brazil; United States. ISSN: 0955-7571 (print) 1474-449X (web). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2020.1842328 | Publication Name: Cambridge Review of International Affairs.

The definition of terrorism and its differentiation from war and guerrilla warfare has been a problem for science, international relations and legal systems for decades. This article posits that defining terrorism requires also the definition of other warlike phenomena, so as not to conflate the acts or events. Therefore, the proposed criteria for defining terrorism and guerrilla warfare are presented as a means to differentiate their definitions from that of war. The methodology is a review of the concepts of the nature and essence of war, as described in the Carl von Clausewitz book, Vom Kriege (in the standard German edition of Hahlweg and its widely accepted English translation by Howard and Paret). These concepts were cross-analyzed with recent scientific discoveries about the behavior of social animals, with a focus on humans. The resulting classification allows historical or contemporary events to be evaluated to determine what kind of conflicts they are. Keywords: Definition of terrorism. Definition of guerrilla warfare. Definition of war. Carl von Clausewitz. International law. ISSN: 1809-3191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21544/1809-3191.v25n3.p643-673 | Publication Name: Journal of the Naval War College, v. 25, n. 3, p. 643-673.

In this study historical and economic data about the international use of military offset agreements are presented. Then, aspects of the offset policy in defense equipment acquisition in Brazil are analyzed. On such analysis, a systematic model of relations between stakeholders is presented, allowing the establishment of four offset strategies for an Armed Force contractor. It is also drawn a dynamic categorization and prioritization of technologies of interest. In addition, necessary processes for the operation of the offset activities are suggested, specifically in the period prior to the negotiation of offset agreements. Besides, the proposed processes are analyzed under the orientation of a Brazilian Court of Accounts report on the offset activities. The methodology used is a literature review, as well as a mapping of the Brazilian legislation and regulations. In the Conclusion, considerations about the relevance of offsets for the absorption of military and civilian technologies in Brazil are presented, taking into account the guidelines contained in the Brazilian National Defense Strategy. Keywords: Acquisition of defense products; Military offsets; Management processes in the Navy of Brazil; Industrial, technological or commercial offsets; Offsets in the acquisition of dual use technologies. ISSN: 1809-3191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21544/1809-3191/regn.v22n1p169-196 | Publication Name: Journal of the Naval War College. 

This paper argues that technologies have multiple uses, with both civil and military employment. It also demonstrates, through official documents, that Brazil has suffered technological embargoes by foreign nations, making advantageous to produce military devices inside the country. Finally, this study demonstrates that the country has structure to produce locally science and technologies of Defense and that the State of Rio de Janeiro stands out in this context. The methodology used is an analysis of cutouts of the industrial-military history, in addition to legislation, documents and official data. The research is a part of Doctoral Thesis produced at Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) and at Harvard University (USA), with funding from Capes and Lemann Foundation. Keywords: Multiple-use technology. Generation of science and technology through National Defense. The military-industrial-academic complex in the state of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). DOI: https://doi.org/10.12957/cdf.2015.19713 | Publication Name: Cadernos do Desenvolvimento Fluminense.

This study analyzes the practices of acquisition of defense technologies in the United States (U.S.) and Brazil. The objective is to elucidate the processes adopted by both countries in order to produce conclusions to improve the generation of science and technology in Brazil (especially with dual use - civilian and military). Methodology: review of process flowcharts available and related literature. The research was conducted in both countries, with a first analysis produced at Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and a second part developed at Harvard University, U.S. (with a full scholarship from Government of Brazil/CAPES and Lemann Foundation). In the conclusions are proposed suggestions for the Brazilian defense. Keywords: Acquisition of defense materials. Production of dual use technologies. Processes and practices of military innovation in the United States and Brazil. Publication Name: Brazilian Journal of Strategic Studies.

This study analyzes the practices of acquisition of defense technologies in the United States (U.S.) and Brazil. The first objective is to elucidate the processes adopted by both countries in order to produce conclusions to improve the generation of science and technology in Brazil (especially with dual use – civilian and military). The second objective of this study is to propose a model of generation of science and technology through National Defense to Brazil, respecting the history of the country and its objectives, expressed in its National Defense Strategy and National Defense Policy. The cutting is from the advent of the Second World War (September 1st, 1939) to the present. The methodologies are: review of the academic literature, analysis of practices of generation of technologies based on Defense, budget data comparison and verification of acquisition processes in both countries. In the conclusions we propose a model to produce dual use innovations in Brazil, through cooperation between government and military with industries and universities. The research was conducted in both countries, with a first analysis produced at Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and a second part developed at Harvard University, USA (with a full scholarship from Government of Brazil/CAPES and Lemann Foundation). 

Keywords: Military-industrial-academic complex. Production of science and technology through National Defense. Defense Industrial Base. Models of military acquisition of dual use technologies. Processes and practices of military innovation in the United States and Brazil. Triple Helix: government, industries and universities.